ARMENIAN PONTUS Տրապիզոն Pontos Trebizond Black Sea TURKEY ARMENIANS Hovannisian

Description: ARMENIAN PONTUS Տրապիզոն Pontos Trebizond Black Sea TURKEY ARMENIANS Hovannisian Title: "Armenian Pontus. The Trebizond- Black Sea Communities" Editor: Richard G. Hovannisian Language(s): English Publisher: Mazda Publishers Place: Costa Mesa, California Year: 2009; Pages: 453; Cover: Soft Sizes: 15(W)x23(H) cm (5.9x9.1 inches) ISBN: 1-56859-155-1; 978-1-56859-155-1 Condition: New; Item's Code: UA-65 ABOUT: From early antiquity, the Armenian people developed a rich and distinctive culture on the great highland plateau extending from eastern Asia Minor to the Caucasus. On that crossroad, they interacted on many levels with civilizations of the Orient and Occident. The golden plains, river valleys, and mountain ribs of the Armenian Plateau are separated from the lush, semitropical Black Sea littoral by the imposing Pontic mountain range. Nevertheless, associations between Armenia and Pontus date back to the era of the Persian Achaemenian Empire beginning in the sixth century B.C.Later in 401-400 B.C., the Greek general Xenophon traversed the Armenian Plateau as an escape route from the Persian heartlands to Trapezus (Trebizond) on the Black Sea, his account of that adventurous journey affording one of the earliest written descriptions of ancient Armenia. Economic and cultural interaction between Armenia and Pontus increased during the centuries of Roman dominion in Asia Minor and especially during the time of the medieval Greco/Byzantine Empire of Trebizond. Thriving, enlightened Armenian communities developed all along the extensive narrow corridor from Batum in the east to Samsun and Sinope in the west, while the curious Armenian enclave of Hamshen in the eastern Pontic hinterland retained much of its Armenian character long after its population was forcibly Islamized in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The UCLA conference series, “Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces,” is organized by the Holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History with the purpose of exploring and illuminating the historical, political, cultural, religious, social, and economic legacy of a people rooted for millennia on the Armenian highland. Armenian Pontus is the eighth of the conference proceedings to be published. Scholars from various disciplines offer the story of the Armenian communities in the Pontus-Black Sea region across the centuries until their violent elimination in the first decades of the twentieth century. Table of Contents List of Maps and Illustrations Contributors Preface 1 The Armenian Pontus Richard G. Hovannisian 2 Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond Robert H. Hewsen 373 Azzi-Hayasa on the Black Sea? Another Puzzle of Armenian Origins Vartan Matiossian4 Contacts between Armenia and Pontus in the Pre-Christian Period Richard Wilkinson5 The Armenian Ties to Medieval Trebizond Abraham Terian6 The Foundations of Hamshen and Armenian Descent Myths: Parallels and Interconnections Anne Elizabeth Redgate7 Islamization of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: The Hamshentsi/Hemshinli Case Claire Mouradian8. The Dark Ages on the Black Sea? Manuscript Painting of Hamshen Christina Maranci9. Armenian City Quarters and the Architectural Legacy of the Pontus David Kertmenjian10 The Pontic Armenian Communities in the Nineteenth Century Bedross Der Matossian11 Reform, Revolution, and Repression: The Trebizond Armenians in the 1890s Barbara J. Merguerian12 The Fate of the Armenians in Trebizond, 1915 Simon Payaslian13 Ordu on the Black Sea Vartiter Kotcholosian Hovannisian14 The Postwar Trebizond Court-Martial Richard G. Hovannisian15 Pontus and Armenia, 1916-1922 Richard G. Hovannisian16 History and Identity among the Hemshin Hovann H. Simonian17 Pontic Armenian Communities in the Kuban and Abkhazia Igor Kuznetsov VISIT OUR EBAY STORE AGAIN- SINCE WE ADD NEW BOOKS & OTHER ITEMS REGULARLY ADDITIONAL INFO Richard G. Hovannisian Richard G. Hovannisian is Professor of Armenian and Near Eastern History and Holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History at the University of California, Los Angeles. A member of the UCLA faculty since 1962, he organized the undergraduate and graduate programs in Armenian and Caucasian history. He served as the Associate Director of the G.E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern Studies from 1978 to 1995 and represented the State of California on the Western Interstate Commission on Higher Education from 1978 to 1994. A Guggenheim Fellow, Professor Hovannisian is the author or editor of numerous books and scholarly articles, including four volumes on the first Republic of Armenia and five volumes on the Armenian Genocide. He has made many media appearances on Armenian and human rights issues. He is the founder and four-time president of the Society for Armenian Studies and serves on the board of directors of nine scholarly and civic organizations. Since 1997, he has organized semiannual UCLA conferences on Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces. Dr. Hovannisian has received many honors for his scholarship, civic activities, and advancement of Armenian Studies, including election to the Armenian National Academy of Sciences and decorations from the supreme patriarchs of the Armenian Church and from the Republics of Armenia and Artsakh. Trabzon (Turkish: Trabzon, see other names, Turkish pronunciation: [trabzon]) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast. The Venetian and Genoese merchants paid visits to Trebizond during the medieval period and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric; with the Republic of Genoa having an important merchant colony within the city that was similar to Galata near Constantinople (across the Golden Horn) in present-day Istanbul. Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the Ottoman period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, became a focal point of trade to Iran and the Caucasus. The population of the center urban is 230,399 (2009 census). Տրապիզոն (Դրապզուն, Պոնտոս, Տրաբզոն, Տրապեզոն, Տրապեզոնդ, Տրապեզոս, Տրապեզունդ, Տբապեզունտ, Տրապզուն), քաղաք և նավահանգիստ Փոքր Ասիայում, Սև ծովի հարավային ափին, Տրապիզոն նահանգի կենտրոնը։ Պատմություն Հիմնադրվել է մ.թ.ա. 750 թ. հույների կողմից։ Հնում եղել Է Պոնտական թագավորության կարևոր քաղաքներից մեկը։ Հետագայում մտել է Հռոմեական և Բյուզանդական կայսրությունների կազմի մեջ: Հուստինիանոս կայսրը (527– 565) այն մտցրել է Առաջին Հայք պրովինցիայի մեջ։ 13-րդ դարում դարձել է Տրապիզոնի հունական փոքրիկ թագավորության մայրաքաղաքը, իսկ 16-17-րդ դդ-ից՝ Օսմանյան կայսրության նույնանուն նահանգի կենտրոնը։ Հայերը Տրապիզոնում Տրապիզոնի մասին բազմաթիվ վկայություններ ունեն հայ մատենագիրները։ Այստեղ մինչև 1915 թ եղեռնը հայերր մեծ թիվ էին կազմում։ 1872-73 թթ քաղաքում կար շուրջ 800 տուն հայ բնակիչ, իսկ 1915-ի նախօրյակին՝ հայերի թիվը 14-15 հազար էր։ Մինչև Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմը քաղաքի արհեստներն ու առևտուրը հիմնականում գտնվում Էին հայերի ձեռքին։ Հայերն ունեին 3 վարժարան, 3 եկեղեցի՝ Ս. 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